✦ History

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

1988

Armenia and Azerbaijan fought over the Armenian-majority region of Nagorno-Karabakh. After wars in the 1990s and 2020, Azerbaijan took the whole region in 2023 and most Armenians fled.

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Battles and events 12

February 20, 1988 – May 12, 1994
First Nagorno-Karabakh War Armenian victory Stepanakert Vazgen Sargsyan, Serzh Sargsyan, Robert Kocharyan
March 4, 2008
2008 Mardakert clashes Both sides claim victory Aghdara Najmeddin Sadikov
February 18, 2010
2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes Goranboy District
June 18 – September 1, 2010
2010 Mardakert clashes Çaylı
April 25 – June 4, 2012
2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes Serzh Sargsyan, Ilham Aliyev, Bako Sahakyan
July 27 – August 8, 2014
2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes Status quo ante bellum
April 2–5, 2016
2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Inconclusive Nagorno-Karabakh Serzh Sargsyan, Ilham Aliyev, Zakir Hasanov
May 20–27, 2018
2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Nikol Pashinyan, Ilham Aliyev, Zakir Hasanov
July 12, 2020
July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes Both sides claim victory Tavush Province Nikol Pashinyan, Ilham Aliyev, Zakir Hasanov
September 27 – November 10, 2020
Second Nagorno-Karabakh War Azerbaijani victory Shusha Armen Sarkissian, Nikol Pashinyan, Ilham Aliyev
May 12, 2021
Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Syunik Province
September 19–20, 2023
2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh Azerbaijani victory Stepanakert Ilham Aliyev, Samvel Shahramanyan

Key commanders

Armenia 11

Vazgen Sargsyan belligerent leader Serzh Sargsyan belligerent leader Robert Kocharyan belligerent leader Levon Ter-Petrosyan President of Armenia, Led Armenia Armen Sarkissian belligerent leader Nikol Pashinyan Prime Minister of Armenia, Signed the ceasefire Arayik Harutyunyan belligerent leader Mikael Arzumanyan military commander Jalal Harutyunyan military commander Bako Sahakyan military commander Seyran Ohanyan military commander

Azerbaijan 14

Heydar Aliyev President of Azerbaijan, Agreed the 1994 ceasefire Yaqub Mammadov belligerent leader Abulfaz Elchibey belligerent leader Isa Gambar belligerent leader Ayaz Mutallibov belligerent leader Surat Huseynov belligerent leader Gulbuddin Hekmatyar belligerent leader Ilham Aliyev President of Azerbaijan, Led Azerbaijan Zakir Hasanov belligerent leader Karim Valiyev belligerent leader Zaur Mammadov military commander Kanan Seyidov military commander Hikmat Mirzayev military commander Najmeddin Sadikov military commander

Republic of Artsakh 1

Samvel Shahramanyan belligerent leader