✦ History

Thirty Years' War

1618 – 1648

Result Peace of Westphalia

Ended by Peace of Westphalia

A war mainly in the Holy Roman Empire between Habsburg-led Catholic powers and Protestant states, Sweden and France, ended by the Peace of Westphalia.

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Battles and events 13

1618 – 1620
Bohemian Revolt Habsburg victory Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, Jindřich Matyáš Thurn, Frederick V of the Palatinate
August 27, 1626
Battle of Lutter Imperial victory Lutter am Barenberge, Lower Saxony, Germany Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, Christian IV of Denmark, Johann Jakob, Count of Bronckhorst and Anholt
1628 – 1631
War of the Mantuan Succession Treaty of Cherasco Louis XIII, Cardinal Richelieu, Charles I Gonzaga
May 20–24, 1631
Sack of Magdeburg Catholic victory Magdeburg, Archbishopric of Magdeburg, Holy Roman Empire; Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, Dietrich von Falkenberg
September 17, 1631
Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) Swedish-Saxon victory Breitenfeld, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany Gustavus Adolphus, Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim
1632 – 1634
Smolensk War Polish–Lithuanian victory; Treaty of Polyanovka Władysław IV Vasa, Krzysztof Radziwiłł
April 14–15, 1632
Battle of Rain Swedish victory Rain, Swabia Gustavus Adolphus, Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, Johan Banér
November 16, 1632
Battle of Lützen (1632) Swedish victory Lützen, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany Gustavus Adolphus, Albrecht von Wallenstein, Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim
September 5–6, 1634
Battle of Nördlingen (1634) Imperial–Spanish victory Nördlingen, Bavaria, Germany Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, Gustav Horn
May 30, 1635
Peace of Prague (1635) Prague Castle
December 1, 1640 – February 13, 1668
Portuguese Restoration War Treaty of Lisbon; Portuguese independence Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg, John IV of Portugal, Luisa de Guzmán
1643 – 1645
Torstenson War Swedish victory Axel Oxenstierna, Gustav Horn, Christian IV of Denmark
May 19, 1643
Battle of Rocroi French victory Rocroi, France Louis, Grand Condé, Jean de Gassion, Francisco de Melo

Key commanders

Kingdom of Bohemia 8

Gustavus Adolphus military commander Axel Oxenstierna military commander Bernard of Saxe-Weimar military commander Gustav Horn military commander Louis XIII military commander Johan Banér military commander Jindřich Matyáš Thurn military commander Frederick V of the Palatinate military commander

Habsburg monarchy 6

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor military commander Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor military commander Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly military commander Albrecht von Wallenstein military commander Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim military commander Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor military commander

France 5

Louis XIII military commander Cardinal Richelieu military commander Charles I Gonzaga military commander Louis, Grand Condé military commander Jean de Gassion military commander

Spain 11

Ferrante II Gonzaga military commander Ambrogio Spinola military commander Johann von Aldringen military commander Philip IV of Spain military commander Mariana of Austria military commander Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares military commander Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor military commander Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria military commander Diego Felípez de Guzmán, 1st Marquis of Leganés military commander Francisco de Melo military commander Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 8th Duke of Alburquerque military commander

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2

Władysław IV Vasa military commander Krzysztof Radziwiłł military commander

Portugal 4

Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg military commander John IV of Portugal military commander Luisa de Guzmán military commander Matias de Albuquerque, Count of Alegrete military commander

Sweden 8

Axel Oxenstierna military commander Gustav Horn military commander Christina, Queen of Sweden military commander Dietrich von Falkenberg military commander Christian William of Brandenburg military commander Gustavus Adolphus military commander Johan Banér military commander Bernard of Saxe-Weimar military commander

Denmark 2

Christian IV of Denmark military commander Hannibal Sehested (governor) military commander

Holy Roman Empire 5

Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly military commander Johann Jakob, Count of Bronckhorst and Anholt military commander Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim military commander Johann von Aldringen military commander Albrecht von Wallenstein military commander