✦ History

Wars of the Three Kingdoms

1639 – 1653

Result Parliamentarian victory

Royalists, Parliamentarians, Covenanters and Irish Confederates fought across England, Scotland and Ireland; Charles I was executed and a Commonwealth set up.

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Battles 3

March 21, 1639 – September 1640
Bishops' Wars Covenanter victory Charles I of England, Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven
1642 – September 3, 1651
English Civil War Parliamentarian victory Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, Charles I of England
1642 – 1646
First English Civil War Parliamentarian victory Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, Charles I of England

Key commanders

Royalists (Cavaliers) 4

Charles I of England military commander Prince Rupert of the Rhine military commander James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond military commander William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle military commander

Covenanters 2

Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll military commander Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven military commander

Confederate Ireland 2

Owen Roe O'Neill military commander Thomas Preston, 1st Viscount Tara military commander

Kingdom of England 2

Charles I of England military commander James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton military commander

Parliamentarians (Roundheads) 5

Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex military commander Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester military commander Oliver Cromwell military commander Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven military commander Thomas Fairfax military commander