Tongzhi Emperor

April 27, 1856 – January 12, 1875

The Tongzhi Emperor (1856–1875), personal name Zaichun and temple name Muzong, was the ninth emperor of the Qing dynasty, reigning from 1861 to 1875. He ascended the throne at age five under a regency headed by his mother Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Ci'an, and exercised little influence over state affairs. His reign is associated with the "Tongzhi Restoration," an attempted modernization program, and with the Self-Strengthening Movement that followed the Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion.

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