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✦ History

Parma

City

Capital of the Duchy of Parma, ruled by the Farnese and then the Bourbons until Italian unification.

View on map 44.80° N, 10.33° E Wikipedia

Held by

1789 – December 31, 1807 Duchy of Parma and Piacenza de facto
October 14, 1808 – April 12, 1814 France de facto
April 11, 1814 – December 2, 1859 Duchy of Parma and Piacenza de facto
March 24, 1860 – March 17, 1861 Kingdom of Sardinia de facto
March 17, 1861 – September 7, 1943 Italy de facto
September 9, 1943 – April 24, 1945 Germany de facto Military occupation
since April 29, 1945 Italy de facto

Capital of

September 26, 1545 – December 3, 1859 Duchy of Parma and Piacenza