✦ History

Middle Eastern theatre of World War I

October 29, 1914 – October 30, 1918

Result Allied victory

The Ottoman Empire, backed by Germany, fought Britain, Russia and France across the Middle East, mainly in Sinai-Palestine, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus and Gallipoli. The Allies won, and the Ottoman Empire's Arab lands were lost.

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Battles and events 33

August 1914 – October 1918
Kurdish rebellions during World War I Ahmed Izzet Pasha
November 2, 1914 – October 30, 1918
Caucasus campaign Erzurum Nicholas II of Russia, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Enver Pasha
November 6, 1914 – November 14, 1918
Mesopotamian campaign Allied victory Mesopotamia Mubarak Al-Sabah, Cevat Çobanlı, Charles Townshend
November 10, 1914 – June 1916
South Arabia during World War I Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din
December 1914 – October 30, 1918
Persian campaign (World War I) Allied victory Qajar Iran Nicholas II of Russia, Wilhelm II, Mehmed V
January 28, 1915 – October 30, 1918
Sinai and Palestine campaign Allied victory Levant Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, T. E. Lawrence, Erich von Falkenhayn
February 19, 1915 – January 9, 1916
Gallipoli campaign Ottoman victory Gallipoli peninsula Winston Churchill, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Enver Pasha
April 11–14, 1916
Raid on Jifjafa British victory
April 23, 1916
Battle of Katia Ottoman victory Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein
June 10, 1916 – October 25, 1918
Arab Revolt Hejaz, Arabia Abdullah I of Jordan, T. E. Lawrence, Faisal I of Iraq
August 3–5, 1916
Battle of Romani British Empire victory Battle of Romani Archibald James Murray, Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein, Herbert Lawrence
August 9, 1916
Battle of Bir el Abd Ottoman victory Bir al-Abd Harry Chauvel
February 21, 1917
Raid on Bir el Hassana British Empire victory
February 21, 1917
Raid on Nekhl British Empire victory
March 26, 1917
First Battle of Gaza Central Powers victory First Battle of Gaza Djemal Pasha, Philip Chetwode, Archibald James Murray
April 17–19, 1917
Second Battle of Gaza Central Powers victory Gaza City Djemal Pasha, Archibald James Murray, Charles Macpherson Dobell
October 31 – December 9, 1917
Southern Palestine offensive Allied victory Erich von Falkenhayn, Fevzi Çakmak, Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby
November 1–2, 1917
Third Battle of Gaza Allied victory Third Battle of Gaza Erich von Falkenhayn, Edward Bulfin, Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby
November 1–6, 1917
Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe British Empire victory Erich von Falkenhayn, Fevzi Çakmak, Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby
November 13, 1917
Battle of Mughar Ridge British Empire victory Erich von Falkenhayn, Fevzi Çakmak, Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby
November 18–24, 1917
Battle of Nebi Samwil British Empire victory Nabi Samwil
February 1918 – September 1918
British occupation of the Jordan Valley British victory Otto Liman von Sanders, Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby, Harry Chauvel
April 2, 1918
First Battle of the Jordan Ottoman-German victory Enver Pasha, Philip Chetwode, Otto Liman von Sanders
September 19, 1918
Battle of Tulkarm British Empire victory Fevzi Çakmak, Edward Bulfin, Otto Liman von Sanders
September 19–25, 1918
Battle of Sharon Allied victory Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Edward Bulfin, Otto Liman von Sanders
September 19–25, 1918
Battle of Nablus (1918) Allied victory Philip Chetwode, Otto Liman von Sanders, Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby
September 19, 1918
Battle of Arara Franco–British victory Wadi Ara Otto Liman von Sanders, Cevat Çobanlı, Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby
September 20–21, 1918
Battle of Nazareth British Empire victory Nazareth Fevzi Çakmak, Otto Liman von Sanders, Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby
September 23, 1918
Battle of Haifa (1918) British–Indian victory Haifa
September 25, 1918
Second Battle of Amman Allied victory Amman Otto Liman von Sanders, Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby, Edward Chaytor
September 25, 1918
Battle of Samakh Australian Light Horse victory Samakh Otto Liman von Sanders, Cevat Çobanlı, Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby
October 25, 1918
Battle of Aleppo (1918) Allied victory Aleppo Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Faisal I of Iraq, Otto Liman von Sanders
October 26, 1918
Charge at Haritan Ottoman victory Huraytan Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Key commanders

Allies 21

Winston Churchill First Lord of the Admiralty Ian Hamilton military commander Henri Gouraud military commander John de Robeck military commander Archibald James Murray military commander Herbert Lawrence military commander Harry Chauvel military commander Philip Chetwode military commander Charles Macpherson Dobell military commander Edward Bulfin military commander Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby military commander Nicholas II of Russia belligerent leader Nikolai Yudenich military commander Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia military commander Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov military commander Andranik Ozanian military commander Mubarak Al-Sabah belligerent leader Charles Townshend belligerent leader Nikolai Baratov military commander T. E. Lawrence military commander Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy military commander

Central Powers 19

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk military commander Enver Pasha military commander Otto Liman von Sanders military commander Cevat Çobanlı military commander Mehmet Esat Bülkat military commander Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein military commander Djemal Pasha military commander Rüştü Sakarya military commander Erich von Falkenhayn military commander Mehmet Vehip Kaçı military commander Abdul Kerim Pasha military commander Ahmed Izzet Pasha military commander Nuri Killigil military commander Sakallı Nureddin Paşa belligerent leader Halil Kut belligerent leader Kâzım Karabekir belligerent leader Wilhelm II belligerent leader Mehmed V belligerent leader Fevzi Çakmak military commander

Arab rebels 3

Abdullah I of Jordan Led Arab forces in the Hejaz; besieged Medina and took Taif T. E. Lawrence British liaison to the Arab forces Faisal I of Iraq Led the Arab Northern Army

Ottoman Empire 5

Djemal Pasha Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din military commander Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein military commander Ahmed Izzet Pasha military commander Mustafa Kemal Atatürk military commander

Allies of World War I 8

Nicholas II of Russia belligerent leader H. H. Asquith belligerent leader David Lloyd George belligerent leader Reza Shah military commander Malik Yaqo military commander Nikolai Baratov military commander Theodore G. Chernozubov military commander Andranik Ozanian military commander

Persia 3

Ahmad Shah Qajar belligerent leader Mohammad Hassan Mirza military commander Colonel Pessian military commander

Ottoman Empire and allies 5

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk military commander Otto Liman von Sanders military commander Erich von Falkenhayn military commander Fevzi Çakmak military commander Cevat Çobanlı military commander

United Kingdom and allies 6

Faisal I of Iraq military commander Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby military commander Harry Chauvel military commander Edward Bulfin military commander Edward Chaytor military commander Philip Chetwode military commander

United Kingdom 2

Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby military commander Harry Chauvel military commander

German Empire and allies 3

Enver Pasha military commander Otto Liman von Sanders military commander Cevat Çobanlı military commander

France and allies 1

Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby military commander