Cold War

March 12, 1947 – December 26, 1991 · Era in the whole world

Period of international geopolitical rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective blocs, the capitalist Western Bloc and communist Eastern Bloc, from the aftermath of World War II to the Soviet dissolution in 1991. With no direct fighting between the superpowers, it was waged through proxy wars, a nuclear and conventional arms race, the Space Race, espionage, embargoes and crises such as the Berlin Blockade, the Korean War, the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War. It ended as Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms contributed to the 1989 Eastern Bloc revolutions and the USSR's collapse in 1991.

On the map Overview Contemporaries

Key people

Dwight D. Eisenhower President, United States · Western Bloc

John F. Kennedy President, United States · Western Bloc

Mao Zedong Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party · Eastern Bloc

Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU, Reforms and the end of the Cold War · Eastern Bloc

Joseph Stalin General Secretary of Communist Party, Soviet Union · Eastern Bloc

Harry S. Truman President, Truman Doctrine and containment · Western Bloc

Lyndon B. Johnson President · Western Bloc

Nikita Khrushchev General Secretary of Communist Party, Soviet Union · Eastern Bloc

Richard Nixon President, Détente; opening to China · Western Bloc

Gerald Ford President · Western Bloc

Ronald Reagan President · Western Bloc

George H. W. Bush President, In office as the Cold War ended · Western Bloc

Leonid Brezhnev General Secretary of the CPSU · Eastern Bloc

Margaret Thatcher Prime Minister, United Kingdom · Western Bloc

Participants

United States Western Bloc
United Kingdom Western Bloc
France Western Bloc
Germany Western Bloc — West Germany
NATO Western Bloc
Soviet Union Eastern Bloc
People's Republic of China Eastern Bloc — Allied with the Soviet Union until the Sino-Soviet split
Cuba Eastern Bloc

Battles and events 63

Key events

First Indochina War December 19, 1946 – August 1, 1954 · Viet Minh victory
- Battle of Hanoi (1946) December 19, 1946 – February 18, 1947
- Battle of Cao Bằng (1949) October 1947 – September 4, 1949 · Việt Minh victory
- Operation Léa October 7 – November 8, 1947 · French operational failure
- Élysée Accords March 8, 1949
- Battle of Route Coloniale 4 September 16 – October 18, 1950 · Việt Minh victory
- Battle of Vĩnh Yên January 13–17, 1951 · French Union victory
- Battle of Mạo Khê March 23–28, 1951 · French Union victory
- Battle of the Day River June 18, 1951 · French Union victory
- Battle of Nghĩa Lộ (1951) October 3–10, 1951 · French Union victory
- Battle of Hòa Bình November 10, 1951 – February 25, 1952 · Việt Minh victory
- Operation Lorraine October 29 – November 8, 1952 · French victory
- Battle of Nà Sản November 23 – December 2, 1952 · French Union successful defense
- Operation Adolphe April 1953
- Operation Camargue July 28 – August 10, 1953 · French Union victory
- Operation Castor November 20–22, 1953 · Successful establishment of the Dien Bien Phu outpost by the French Union
- Operation Atlante January 20, 1954 – March 1954 · Aborted
- Battle of Dien Bien Phu March 13 – May 7, 1954 · Viet Minh victory
- Battle of Mang Yang Pass June 24 – July 17, 1954 · Việt Minh victory
North Atlantic Treaty April 4, 1949
Suez Crisis October 29 – November 7, 1956
- Operation Musketeer (1956) November 1956 · Coalition military victory
Congo Crisis July 5, 1960 – November 25, 1965
- Dissolution of the Lumumba Government September 5, 1960
- Assassination of Patrice Lumumba January 17, 1961
- Siege of Jadotville September 13–17, 1961
- Kwilu rebellion August 1963 · Rebellion suppressed
- Simba rebellion January 1964 – November 1964
Bay of Pigs Invasion April 17–20, 1961 · Cuban government victory
War of Attrition July 1, 1967 – August 7, 1970
- Battle of Rumani Coast July 11, 1967 · Israeli victory
- Battle of Karameh March 21, 1968 · Both sides claim victory
- Operation Shock October 31, 1968
- Operation Rooster 53 1969 · Israeli victory
- Operation Bulmus 6 July 19, 1969 · Israeli victory
- Operation Boxer July 20–28, 1969 · Tactical Israeli success
- Operation Raviv September 9, 1969 · Israeli victory
- Operation Rhodes January 22, 1970 · Israeli victory
- Operation Rimon 20 July 30, 1970 · Israeli victory
Prague Spring January 5 – August 21, 1968
Bangladesh War of Independence March 26 – December 16, 1971 · Bangladeshi-Indian victory
- Operation Searchlight May 25, 1971
- Battle of Garibpur November 20–21, 1971 · Indian-Bangladeshi victory
- Battle of Hilli November 22 – December 18, 1971 · Bangladeshi-Indian victory
- Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 December 3–16, 1971 · Indian victory
  - Battle of Hilli November 22 – December 18, 1971 · Bangladeshi-Indian victory
  - India–Pakistan naval war of 1971 December 2–16, 1971
  - Operation Chengiz Khan December 3, 1971 · Pakistani failure
  - Battle of Longewala December 4–7, 1971 · Indian victory
  - Battle of Basantar December 4–16, 1971 · Indian victory
  - Operation Trident (1971) December 4–5, 1971 · Strategic Indian naval victory and partial naval blockade on Pakistan
  - Operation Python December 8–9, 1971 · Indian victory, partial de facto naval blockade of Pakistan.
Angolan Civil War November 11, 1975 – April 4, 2002 · MPLA victory
- Operation Savannah (Angola) October 14, 1975 – 1976 · MPLA-Cuban victory
- Shaba I May 26, 1977 · Zairian victory
- Shaba II June 1978 · Zairian victory; mutual end of support for other nations' rebel groups
- 55 Day War January 9 – March 6, 1993 · UNITA victory
- Lusaka Protocol November 20, 1994
Cambodian–Vietnamese War December 21, 1978 – September 26, 1989 · 1991 Paris Peace Accords
- Vietnamese border raids in Thailand 1979 · Status quo ante bellum
Sino-Vietnamese War February 17 – March 16, 1979 · Status quo ante bellum, both sides claim victory
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre April 15 – June 4, 1989

1946 1 event

First Indochina War December 19, 1946 – August 1, 1954 · Viet Minh victory
- Battle of Hanoi (1946) December 19, 1946 – February 18, 1947
- Battle of Cao Bằng (1949) October 1947 – September 4, 1949 · Việt Minh victory
- Operation Léa October 7 – November 8, 1947 · French operational failure
- Élysée Accords March 8, 1949
- Battle of Route Coloniale 4 September 16 – October 18, 1950 · Việt Minh victory
- Battle of Vĩnh Yên January 13–17, 1951 · French Union victory
- Battle of Mạo Khê March 23–28, 1951 · French Union victory
- Battle of the Day River June 18, 1951 · French Union victory
- Battle of Nghĩa Lộ (1951) October 3–10, 1951 · French Union victory
- Battle of Hòa Bình November 10, 1951 – February 25, 1952 · Việt Minh victory
- Operation Lorraine October 29 – November 8, 1952 · French victory
- Battle of Nà Sản November 23 – December 2, 1952 · French Union successful defense
- Operation Adolphe April 1953
- Operation Camargue July 28 – August 10, 1953 · French Union victory
- Operation Castor November 20–22, 1953 · Successful establishment of the Dien Bien Phu outpost by the French Union
- Operation Atlante January 20, 1954 – March 1954 · Aborted
- Battle of Dien Bien Phu March 13 – May 7, 1954 · Viet Minh victory
- Battle of Mang Yang Pass June 24 – July 17, 1954 · Việt Minh victory

1947 1 event

Truman Doctrine March 12, 1947

1948 2 events

1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état February 25, 1948
Malayan Emergency June 16, 1948 – July 12, 1960 · Commonwealth victory
- Bukit Kepong incident February 23, 1950

1949 2 events

1949 Syrian coup d'état March 29, 1949
North Atlantic Treaty April 4, 1949

1952 1 event

Egyptian revolution of 1952 July 23, 1952

1954 3 events

Mexican Dirty War 1954 – 2000
1954 Guatemalan coup d'état June 18–27, 1954
Algerian War of Independence November 1, 1954 – March 19, 1962
- Toussaint Rouge November 1, 1954
- Philippeville massacre August 20–25, 1955
- Battle of Algiers (1956–1957) January 7 – October 8, 1957 · French victory
- Battle of Bouzegza August 12, 1957 · Algerian victory on 4 August French victory on 12 August
- Bombing of Sakiet Sidi Youssef February 8, 1958
- Challe Plan February 1, 1959 – April 1, 1961
- Battle of Djebel Bouk'hil (1961) September 17–18, 1961 · FLN victory

1956 4 events

Sino-Soviet split 1956 – 1966
1956 Poznań protests June 1956
Hungarian Revolution of 1956 October 23 – November 10, 1956
Suez Crisis October 29 – November 7, 1956
- Operation Musketeer (1956) November 1956 · Coalition military victory

1957 1 event

Syrian Crisis of 1957 August 18, 1957 – October 1957

1959 2 events

1959 Tibetan uprising March 10–21, 1959
Laotian Civil War May 23, 1959 – December 2, 1975 · Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese victory
- 1967 Opium War July 29 – August 1, 1967

1960 1 event

Congo Crisis July 5, 1960 – November 25, 1965
- Dissolution of the Lumumba Government September 5, 1960
- Assassination of Patrice Lumumba January 17, 1961
- Siege of Jadotville September 13–17, 1961
- Kwilu rebellion August 1963 · Rebellion suppressed
- Simba rebellion January 1964 – November 1964

1961 3 events

Bay of Pigs Invasion April 17–20, 1961 · Cuban government victory
Berlin Crisis of 1961 June 4 – November 9, 1961
Construction of the Berlin Wall August 13, 1961

1962 1 event

Sino-Indian War October 20 – November 21, 1962 · Chinese victory

1963 3 events

Ramadan Revolution February 8–10, 1963
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty August 5, 1963
Aden Emergency October 14, 1963 – November 30, 1967

1965 1 event

Communist insurgency in Thailand 1965 – 1983

1966 1 event

Ñancahuazú Guerrilla November 3, 1966

1967 3 events

Naxalbari uprising 1967 · Indian Government victory
Cambodian Civil War March 11, 1967 – April 17, 1975 · Khmer Rouge victory
- 1970 Cambodian coup d'état March 18, 1970
- Operation Chenla II August 20 – December 3, 1971
- Operation Eagle Pull April 12, 1975
War of Attrition July 1, 1967 – August 7, 1970
- Battle of Rumani Coast July 11, 1967 · Israeli victory
- Battle of Karameh March 21, 1968 · Both sides claim victory
- Operation Shock October 31, 1968
- Operation Rooster 53 1969 · Israeli victory
- Operation Bulmus 6 July 19, 1969 · Israeli victory
- Operation Boxer July 20–28, 1969 · Tactical Israeli success
- Operation Raviv September 9, 1969 · Israeli victory
- Operation Rhodes January 22, 1970 · Israeli victory
- Operation Rimon 20 July 30, 1970 · Israeli victory

1968 5 events

Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989) 1968 – 1989
Prague Spring January 5 – August 21, 1968
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons July 1, 1968
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia August 20–21, 1968 · Warsaw Pact victory
Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980) December 29, 1968 – September 12, 1980 · 1980 Turkish coup d'état
- 1971 Turkish military memorandum March 12, 1971

1969 2 events

New People's Army rebellion March 29, 1969
Operation Giant Lance October 1969 · Soviet Union deterred from conducting nuclear strikes on China, demonstrating tacit Sino-American alliance.

1970 1 event

Koza riot December 20, 1970

1971 2 events

1971 Ugandan coup d'état January 25, 1971
Bangladesh War of Independence March 26 – December 16, 1971 · Bangladeshi-Indian victory
- Operation Searchlight May 25, 1971
- Battle of Garibpur November 20–21, 1971 · Indian-Bangladeshi victory
- Battle of Hilli November 22 – December 18, 1971 · Bangladeshi-Indian victory
- Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 December 3–16, 1971 · Indian victory
  - Battle of Hilli November 22 – December 18, 1971 · Bangladeshi-Indian victory
  - India–Pakistan naval war of 1971 December 2–16, 1971
  - Operation Chengiz Khan December 3, 1971 · Pakistani failure
  - Battle of Longewala December 4–7, 1971 · Indian victory
  - Battle of Basantar December 4–16, 1971 · Indian victory
  - Operation Trident (1971) December 4–5, 1971 · Strategic Indian naval victory and partial naval blockade on Pakistan
  - Operation Python December 8–9, 1971 · Indian victory, partial de facto naval blockade of Pakistan.

1972 1 event

Nixon's visit to China February 21–28, 1972

1973 1 event

1973 Chilean coup d'état September 11, 1973

1974 1 event

Ethiopian Civil War September 12, 1974 – June 4, 1991 · EPLF/TPLF rebel victory
- Eritrean War of Independence September 1, 1961 – May 29, 1991 · EPLF victory
  - Eritrean Civil Wars October 13, 1974 · 1st Civil War: ELF fails to suppress rivals 2nd Civil War: ELF decisively defeated
  - First Battle of Massawa 1977 – 1978 · Ethiopian victory
  - Siege of Barentu May 5, 1977 · Ethiopian victory
  - Battle of Afabet March 17–20, 1988 · EPLF victory
  - Second Battle of Massawa February 8–10, 1990 · EPLF victory

1975 4 events

Third Indochina War May 1, 1975 – October 23, 1991 · 1991 Paris Peace Accords
- Insurgency in Laos December 2, 1975
- Cambodian–Vietnamese War December 21, 1978 – September 26, 1989 · 1991 Paris Peace Accords
  - Vietnamese border raids in Thailand 1979 · Status quo ante bellum
- Sino-Vietnamese War February 17 – March 16, 1979 · Status quo ante bellum, both sides claim victory
Helsinki Accords August 1, 1975
Angolan Civil War November 11, 1975 – April 4, 2002 · MPLA victory
- Operation Savannah (Angola) October 14, 1975 – 1976 · MPLA-Cuban victory
- Shaba I May 26, 1977 · Zairian victory
- Shaba II June 1978 · Zairian victory; mutual end of support for other nations' rebel groups
- 55 Day War January 9 – March 6, 1993 · UNITA victory
- Lusaka Protocol November 20, 1994
Indonesian occupation of East Timor December 7, 1975 – October 31, 1999

1976 1 event

Insurgency in Aceh 1976 – 2005

1977 1 event

Mozambican Civil War May 30, 1977 – October 4, 1992
- Nkomati Accord March 16, 1984

1978 3 events

Saur Revolution April 27–28, 1978
Afghan conflict April 27, 1978 · Inconclusive
- 1979 Herat uprising March 15–20, 1979
- Chindawol uprising June 23, 1979 · Afghan government victory
- Bala Hissar uprising August 5, 1979 · Afghan Government victory
- Soviet–Afghan War December 24, 1979 – February 15, 1989 · Afghan mujahideen victory
  - Operation Cyclone 1979 – 1989
  - Operation Storm-333 December 27, 1979 · Soviet victory
  - Siege of Khost January 1980 – April 11, 1991 · Afghan Mujahideen victory
  - 3 Hoot uprising February 22, 1980
  - Panjshir offensives (Soviet–Afghan War) April 9, 1980 – June 16, 1985 · Mujahideen victory
  - Siege of Urgun August 1983 – January 16, 1984 · DRA victory
  - Battle of Maravar Pass April 22, 1985 · Mujahideen military victory
  - Badaber uprising April 26–27, 1985
  - Second Battle of Zhawar February 28 – April 19, 1986 · DRA-Soviet government victory
  - Battle of Jaji April 17 – June 13, 1987 · MAK victory
  - Battle of Arghandab (1987) May 22, 1987 – June 1987 · Mujahideen victory
  - Operation Magistral November 19, 1987 – January 10, 1988 · DRA–Soviet victory
  - Battle for Hill 3234 January 7–8, 1988 · Soviet–Afghanistan victory
  - Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan May 15, 1988 – February 15, 1989 · Afghan mujahideen victory
- Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) February 15, 1989 – April 27, 1992 · Afghan Interim Government victory
- Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) April 30, 1992 – September 27, 1996 · Military stalemate in northern Afghanistan
  - Battle of Kabul (1992–1996) April 30, 1992 – September 27, 1996 · Taliban victory
- Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) September 27, 1996 – October 7, 2001 · Stalemate
- War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) October 7, 2001 – August 30, 2021
  - Operation Enduring Freedom October 7, 2001 – December 28, 2014
  - United States invasion of Afghanistan October 7 – December 17, 2001 · American-led coalition victory
  - 2001 uprising in Herat October 7 – November 12, 2001
  - Operation Crescent Wind October 7, 2001 – December 2001 · US–UK victory
  - Bombing of Kandahar (2001) October 7, 2001 · Successful American airstrikes in the city, Taliban strengthening position within city.
  - Operation Rhino October 19–20, 2001 · U.S. victory
  - Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif November 9–10, 2001 · Northern Alliance and American victory
  - Siege of Kunduz November 11–23, 2001 · Northern Alliance and US victory
  - Fall of Kabul (2001) November 12–13, 2001 · Northern Alliance and American victory
  - Battle of Qala-i-Jangi November 25 – December 1, 2001 · Coalition victory
  - Battle of Tora Bora December 6–17, 2001 · Partial coalition victory
  - Fall of Kandahar December 7, 2001 · Coalition victory
  - Taliban insurgency December 17, 2001 – August 15, 2021
  - Operation Anaconda March 1–18, 2002 · Coalition victory
  - Operation Red Wings June 27, 2005 – July 2005 · Taliban victory
  - Friendly fire incident at Sangin March 29, 2006
  - Operation Mountain Thrust May 15 – July 31, 2006 · Taliban victory
  - Helmand province campaign June 4, 2006 · Both sides claim victory
  - Siege of Sangin June 27, 2006 – April 5, 2007 · Coalition victory
  - Operation Perth July 2006 · Coalition victory
  - Operation Medusa September 2006
  - Operation Mountain Fury September 16, 2006 · Coalition victory
  - Operation Hoover May 24–25, 2007 · Coalition victory
  - Operation Achilles May 30, 2007 · Coalition claims victory
  - Operation Pickaxe-Handle May 30 – June 14, 2007 · Tactical Coalition victory Strategic outcome unclear
  - Battle of Chora June 15–19, 2007 · Coalition victory
  - Operation Hammer (Afghanistan) July 24–27, 2007 · Coalition strategic victory (Coalition forces took control of territory south of the Helmand river.)
  - Operation Harekate Yolo October 2007 – November 2007 · Tactical Coalition victory
  - Battle of Musa Qala December 7–12, 2007 · Coalition Victory
  - Operation Karez 2008
  - Sarposa prison attack of 2008 2008 · Taliban victory (1,200+ prisoners freed) .
  - Pakistan–United States skirmishes June 10, 2008 – July 4, 2012
  - Battle of Arghandab (2008) June 18–19, 2008 · Coalition victory
  - Battle of Wanat July 13, 2008 · Initial American victory; later withdrawal See Aftermath
  - Battle of Shewan August 8, 2008 · US victory
  - Uzbin Valley ambush August 18–19, 2008
  - Operation Eagle's Summit August 27 – September 5, 2008 · Coalition tactical victory.
  - Operation Red Dagger December 11–26, 2008 · Coalition victory
  - Operation Diesel February 6–7, 2009 · Coalition victory
  - Operation Panther's Claw June 19, 2009 · Coalition victory
  - Operation Strike of the Sword July 2 – August 20, 2009 · Inconclusive
  - Operation Oqab July 18, 2009 · Temporary forced displacement of the Taliban forces
  - Battle of Dahaneh August 12–15, 2009 · Coalition victory
  - 2009 Kunduz airstrike September 4, 2009
  - Battle of Kamdesh October 3, 2009
  - Operation Cobra's Anger December 12, 2009 · Coalition Victory
  - Operation Moshtarak February 13 – December 7, 2010 · Tactically inconclusive
  - Shah Wali Kot Offensive June 10–14, 2010 · Coalition victory
  - Salala incident November 26, 2011 · Inconclusive
  - Counterinsurgency in Northern Afghanistan December 2014 · Gradual "Afghanization" of combat operations during drawdown of ISAF forces; de facto status quo ante bellum
  - Resolute Support Mission December 28, 2014 – July 12, 2021
  - War in Afghanistan (2015–2021) January 1, 2015 – August 30, 2021
  - Battle of Kunduz (2015) April 24, 2015 · Afghan victory
  - Kabul ambulance bombing January 27, 2018
  - Ghazni offensive August 10, 2018
  - 2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan February 29, 2020 – August 30, 2021
  - United States–Taliban deal February 29, 2020
  - 2021 Taliban offensive May 1, 2021 · Taliban victory
  - 2021 Kabul school bombing May 8, 2021
  - Fall of Kabul (2021) August 15, 2021
- Battle of Qala-i-Jangi November 25 – December 1, 2001 · Coalition victory
- War in Afghanistan (2015–2021) January 1, 2015 – August 30, 2021
  - May 2017 Kabul bombing May 31, 2017
- Islamic State–Taliban conflict November 11, 2015
  - 2021 Kabul airport attack August 26, 2021
- 2021 Kabul airlift August 2021 – August 30, 2021
- Republican insurgency in Afghanistan August 17, 2021
  - Balkhab uprising June 23 – August 17, 2022 · Afghan government victory
  - Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes (2024–present) March 16, 2024
- 2023 Afghanistan–Iran clash May 27, 2022 – May 2023
Cambodian–Vietnamese War December 21, 1978 – September 26, 1989 · 1991 Paris Peace Accords
- Vietnamese border raids in Thailand 1979 · Status quo ante bellum

1979 2 events

Operation Cyclone 1979 – 1989
Sino-Vietnamese War February 17 – March 16, 1979 · Status quo ante bellum, both sides claim victory

1986 2 events

1986 United States bombing of Libya April 15, 1986
Reykjavík Summit October 11–12, 1986

1987 2 events

1987–1989 JVP insurrection 1987 – 1989
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty December 8, 1987

1989 4 events

1989 air battle near Tobruk January 4, 1989 · U.S. victory
Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) February 15, 1989 – April 27, 1992 · Afghan Interim Government victory
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre April 15 – June 4, 1989
Romanian Revolution December 16–27, 1989

1990 1 event

Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe November 19, 1990

Before and after

Followed from: World War II September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945
Eastern Front (World War II) June 22, 1941 – May 9, 1945
Led to: German reunification October 3, 1990
Dissolution of the Soviet Union August 24 – December 26, 1991

Related events 1 degree away • 2 degrees away

1940

1944

1948

1952

1956

1960

1964

1968

1972

1976

1980

1984

1988

1992

1996

World War II

Eastern Front (World War II)

Chinese Communist Revolution

Iran crisis of 1946

Corfu Channel incident

Greek Civil War

Cold War

Berlin Blockade

Korean War

East German uprising of 1953

1953 Iranian coup d'état

Space Race

Vietnam War

Guatemalan Civil War

Cuban Missile Crisis

Nigerian Civil War

Sino-Soviet border conflict

Ogaden War

Soviet–Afghan War

Iran–Iraq War

Korean Air Lines Flight 007

United States invasion of Grenada

Fall of the Berlin Wall

United States invasion of Panama

German reunification

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Also involved 25

Jimmy Carter President · Western Bloc
Kim Il-sung participant · Eastern Bloc
Konstantin Chernenko General Secretary of the CPSU · Eastern Bloc
Yuri Andropov General Secretary of the CPSU · Eastern Bloc
Henry Kissinger National Security Advisor and Secretary of State, Détente · Western Bloc
Fidel Castro Leader of Cuba · Eastern Bloc
Charles de Gaulle President of France · Western Bloc
Konrad Adenauer Chancellor of West Germany · Western Bloc
John Foster Dulles Secretary of State · Western Bloc
Willy Brandt Chancellor of West Germany, Ostpolitik · Western Bloc
Helmut Kohl Chancellor of Germany, German reunification · Western Bloc
Dean Acheson Secretary of State, Shaped containment and NATO · Western Bloc
Lech Wałęsa Leader of Solidarity
John Paul II Pope, Supported Solidarity in Poland
Nikolai Bulganin participant · Eastern Bloc
Andrei Gromyko Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union · Eastern Bloc
George F. Kennan Diplomat, Author of the Long Telegram and the containment doctrine · Western Bloc
Frederick M. Franks Jr. participant · Western Bloc
Gordon R. Sullivan participant
Charles P. Cabell participant · Western Bloc
Maxwell R. Thurman participant · Western Bloc
Lavrentiy Beria participant
Joe Kernan participant · Western Bloc
Andrew Goodpaster participant · Western Bloc

Show 1 more

Tommy Franks participant · Western Bloc